FLUID FLOW IN CONTINUOUS CASTING

Fluid flow in continuous casting of steel is of great interest because it influences many important phenomena, which have far-reaching consequences on strand quality.
They include:
• turbulent, transient fluid flow through a complex-geometry inlet nozzle into the mold cavity,
• the influence of operating parameters on these phenomena, including nozzle geometry, argon gas injection, and electromagnetic forces,
• the transport of argon bubbles through the turbulent liquid, their interaction with the flow and their possible entrapment in the solidifying shell,
• the transport of complex-shaped inclusion particles through the liquid, including the effects of buoyancy, turbulent interactions, and possible entrapment of the inclusions on nozzle walls, gas bubbles, solidifying steel interface, and the top surface,
• top surface contour and the behavior of the liquid slag layer, as related to flow and entrainment of the mold slag,
• transient fluctuations and waves in the top surface level, and their effect on surface defects,
• phenomena related to superheat transport including thermal buoyancy effects on the flow, meniscus freezing, shell thinning from the jet impinging upon the solidifying shell, and coupling with thermal stress analysis for crack prediction,
• nucleation, transport, and interaction of solid crystals, both in the flowing melt and against mold walls for microstructure prediction
• solute transport, such as intermixing during a grade change and segregation.


references-
1. B.G Thomas-‘year book of science and tecnology’, McGraw-Hill.
2. The Use of Water Cooling during the Continuous Casting of Steel and Aluminum Alloys J. SENGUPTA, B.G. THOMAS, and M.A. WELLS.
3. Modeling of Continuous Casting Defects Related to Mold Fluid Flow Brian G. Thomas, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Ill. (bgthomas@uiuc.edu)
4. Mathematical Modeling of Thermal-Fluid Flow in the Meniscus Region During An Oscillation Cycle by Claudio Ojeda,Labein-Tecnalia
5. Transport and entrapment of particles in continuous casting plant by Quan Yuan and Brian G. Thomas.
6. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 38B, No. 1 (Feb.), 2007, pp. 63-83
7. 78th Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, Nashville, TN, April 2, 1995, Iron and Steel Society, Warrendale, PA, Vol. 78, 1995, pp. 723-734.Clogging in Continuous Casting Nozzles K. G. Rackers and B. G. Thomas.
8. B.G. Thomas, “Continuous Casting: Modeling,” The Encyclopedia of Advanced Materials, (J.Dantzig, A. Greenwell, J. Michalczyk, eds.) Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd., Oxford, UK, Vol.2, 2001, 8p., (Revision 3, Oct. 12, 1999).
9. Sadhana, Vol. 26, Parts 1 & 2, February–April 2001, pp. 179–198. © Printed in India179 -Solidification control in continuous casting of steel by S MAZUMDAR and S K RAY
10. Material science and technology by o.p khanna.
11. www.ccpillinois.com,www.metalpass.com, www.sertmetal.com ,
12. ASM metal handbook-casting.
13. Work instruction manuals,sms,ccp.